The world, in which we live, strong obeys laws of nature. Nothing disturbs uniform movement of planet in a circle around the Sun. The astronomers predict the solar eclipses with large precision. We know the time of great opposition of the Mars, when this planet comes nearly to the Earth. One of most distant planet of solar system the Neptune was discovered by mathematical calculations. The trajectories of flight of interplanetary stations to the Moon, the Venus, the Mars, the Jupiter were calculated using laws of ballistics very precisely. The laws of heavenly mechanics are beyond any doubt.

But there are events and objects, which do not obey laws of the Newton^’s mechanics. They are small particles and bodies filling interplanetary and interstellar spaces. The part of them moves under the action of gravity of satellites, planets, and stars. Another part with certain critical mass ignores gravitational action of large heavenly bodies. For instance, the clouds consisting of small water particles are spilled by rain, when the latters will have masses more certain critical one. In this case, the water particles are acted by attraction of the Earth. The rings of planets are formed from particles with critical masses, which are thrown out by their satellites. The comets staggering our imagination come flying at distant outskirts of solar system where they are bodies with critical masses relatively to the Sun. The particles and bodies with critical masses play an important part in the Universe.

The law of gravitation acts between particles of dust and between massive bodies - planets. The stars in the Galaxy and galaxy also obey the law of gravitation. However, the study of cosmic space by means of interplanetary stations discovered interesting regularity. It was found that the further the particles from the Sun, the more the particle sizes in the planet atmosphere and in rings of major planet. In very dense atmosphere of the Venus the particle sizes and droplets of acidic clouds are small, whereas in the rare Martian atmosphere the dusty storms raise very large grain of sand to high altitude. The Jupiter ring is inaccessible for Earth-based observations, because of small particles forming this ring, while the Saturn is surrounded by numerous splendid rings consisting of massive blocks of ice.

What is at the bottom of such particle size distribution in the solar system? It is necessary to ignore the radiation pressure force, because the ratio of latter to the gravitation force is independent of distance from the Sun. Probably, the observed particle size distribution in the solar system depends on the tension of the gravitational fields formed by the Sun, planets and satellites. It should be assumed that the particle having mass that is smaller than critical one is not attracted by the planets and satellites. In the nature, we often observe such particles. These are cloud droplets, particles in rings of major planet, at last, comets.

Everyone observes the fanciful behavior of clouds. They can join together, and then destroy. They can fly with large velocity, but at windless days, they can be in the air on one place. Only from dark clouds, the droplets of rain fall on the earth. The small droplets fall very slowly; large ones fall with great velocity. There is sufficient difference between cloud and rain droplets. Nonprecipitation water clouds consist of droplets with radii from 4 to 25-30 microns. The mean size of precipitation droplets is from about 200 to 500 microns with a very broad distribution. The cloud droplets grow very slowly, if their sizes are smaller than 10 microns. But if the sizes of cloud droplets increase up to 30-40 microns, these droplets begin to fall with coalescence growth producing precipitation. Thus, the radius of droplet, which is equal to 30-40 microns, is critical. The droplets with smaller sizes are not acted by gravitational force. Undoubtedly, this conclusion is seditious. The opponents can produce the following argument: the clouds do not fall, because they are supported by rising air flows. But is known that the clouds are pierced by rising and descending air flows and they must destroy and fall. The clouds do not fall, because the cloud droplets are weightless. The opponent can tell that the speculative conclusions cannot be basis for fundamental law. It is necessary to have the direct argument in order to demonstrate weightless of cloud droplets. In order to convince weightless of cloud droplet we try to weigh it on a balance. But before to weigh this microscopic small ball, we calculate its mass. The mass of cloud droplet is approximately equal to 0.0000002

{2x10^-7}g. It is very small mass. The mass of rain droplet is ten-hundred time greater: from 10^-6 to 10^-5 g. Let us assume that by means of microscope we put down cloud droplet on very precision balance. We cannot weigh cloud droplet, because the balance does not have a sensation of its weight. The sensibility of any balance does not exceed 10^-6 g. It means that the cloud droplet is not acted by gravitational force, because the principle of balance is based on action of gravitation. Thus, the mass of cloud droplet with radius from 30-40 microns equal to 2x10^-7g is critical for the Earth.

Does the gravitational force act on the molecules of air and steam of water, which are much smaller than cloud droplets?

The gravitational force acts on the gas and steam of water as physical bodies, in which molecules are joined together. Only on the top of rare atmosphere the molecules of air and steam of water are not joined one with together, therefore they are not acted by gravity, and these molecules can come into cosmic space. In this way, our planet loses atmosphere.

Thus, we have determined the critical mass of particles disposed near the Earth. Is the critical mass the same for another planets and their satellites? Obviously no, because the tension of gravitational field in the solar system changes from one point to another one. The gravitational field in the solar system is determined by the Sun, planets and their satellites. Let us consider a particle located near a planet or its satellite. When the distance from the Sun increases, a particle critical mass must increases to the same degree as gravity decreases; i.e. a critical mass rises to the second power of the distance from the Sun.

In the presence of a planet or a satellite, near which a particle is disposed, the magnitude of a critical mass decreases. As far as the distance of a particle from a planet is insignificant as compared with the distance from the Sun, the effect of a planet mass on the tension of gravitational field should be taken into account. Thus, a critical mass of a particle located near a planet or its satellite obey the expression:

In this expression m_cr is a critical mass of a particle, M is mass of a planet or a satellite, R is the distance between the particle {a planet or a satellite} and the Sun, L is a constant.

Now, let us consider the behavior of a particle if its mass is larger, smaller or equal to critical one. If the mass of a particle is larger than critical one, a particle will fall on surface of a planet at the velocity calculated from the Stock^’s equation. {This equation accounts the resistance of air}. If the mass of a particle is smaller than critical one, a particle can come on the top of atmosphere, and then - into cosmic space. If the mass of a particle is equal to critical one, with the same probability a particle can fall on the surface of a planet or come into cosmic space. The atmosphere of the Earth and another planets are filled by huge quantity of aerosols, which are thrown out by volcanoes at eruption. Rising on the top of atmosphere the particles with critical masses can circulate there a long time. The part of them accumulates on the surface; another part comes into cosmic space. A source of aerosols is also the large meteorites. At collision of a meteorite with surface of a planet or a satellite huge kinetic energy is formed. The part of this energy turns into thermal one; another part is passed to small particles formed at collision. These particles obtain large velocity, and they can come into cosmic space, if their mass is smaller or equal to critical one. The behavior of particles in the interplanetary space is of two kinds. Or coming to the Sun they will burn, or {and that is much probable} they will fetch up at the gravitational field of nearest large planet, for which the critical mass is smaller. Approaching gradually to a planet, these particles begin to revolve on it. In this way the rings of planets are formed. Although the eruptions of volcanoes and the collisions with huge meteorites are very rare, the large quantity of dust and different fragments are accumulated on the orbit of major planets during tens and hundreds million years. In due course, the orbit of particles comes down and latters fall on the surface of a planet. Thus, the rings of planets are dynamic formation, which lose and acquire the particles simultaneously. We observe enchanting fixed picture of planet surrounded by rings.

In order to calculate the critical masses of particles located near planets and satellites, it is necessary to determine a constant L in the expression. Substituting the known value of critical mass for the Earth m_cr =2x10^-7g, the value of mass of the Earth M= 5.976x10²⁷g and the distance of it from the Sun R=1.496x10¹³cm in the expression, we specify constant L =5.35x10^-6g²/cm². Then, from expression we calculate the absolute critical masses of particles disposed near the planets and satellites. The results of calculation are summarized in the Table. The sizes of particles with critical masses are calculated too. In the Table the sizes are given for particles, which consist both of the matter of the planet and satellite {dry land} and water {for the Venus, Earth, Mars} or ice {for the Jupiter and other planets and satellites}. The Table includes the satellites with a radius that is greater than 50 km. It is unreasonable to include small satellites, because it is very difficult to expect the volcano activity on them and considerable ejections of particles due to erosive meteorite impacts. In the Table for planets the critical masses and sizes are given for particles, which are in rings of planets?

Practically only the planets have the exclusive right on atmosphere. From the satellites, only the Titan has the dense atmosphere. From the planets, only the Mercury has not atmosphere. The satellites and small planets lose their atmosphere very fast because of small gravitational force. Besides, the gases go out from bowels of small heavenly bodies also fast because of small masses and sizes. From bowels of large planets, the gases go out a long time and they are held out by large gravitational forces a long time. If on planet volcanoes act and the losses of gases are small, the density of atmosphere can be considerable. Such event occurs on the Venus where the atmospheric pressure is very high. The vigorous volcano action is observed on the Io - satellite of the Jupiter. In due course, the Io will surround itself more or less dense atmosphere. In the same time, we observe the losses of atmosphere by the Mars. At one time on this planet the huge volcanoes acted, it was raining; the rivers flowed in valleys. The volcanoes burn out, and the atmosphere gases came into cosmos. At present, the density of Martian atmosphere is in hundred times less than the Earth one. On the Earth due to the moderate volcano action and comparatively small losses of gases into cosmos the favorable atmosphere for life was formed. If the humanity would not break the equilibrium of atmosphere by unreasonable actions, the Earth will serve for shelter of living things.

On the Mercury the volcano, action is absent; therefore, this planet has not atmosphere. The Mercury is bombarded by meteorites always because of absence of atmosphere. Therefore, near the Mercury the particles with radius of 30 microns must be in the state of weightless. The concentration of such particles depends on frequency of collisions of meteorites with the surface of the Mercury. The sizes of droplets and aerosols in atmospheres of planets depend on the altitude of their situation. On the top of atmosphere, the submicron particles predominate, which must come into cosmos. At the surface of a planet, the quantity of large particles increases, and they fall on surface gradually. That proves correct by observation of the Venus atmosphere. According to the Earth-based observations above 60 km from surface of this planet the submicron particles predominate, below the particles with radius of 1-2 microns appear. That proves correct by observation from interplanetary stations. In the dense Venus atmosphere, the clouds consisting of sulfuric acid float across the sky. The American interplanetary station Pioneer recorded the droplets with radius of from 4 to 18 microns in the clouds of the Venus. The observed sizes are consistent with the predicted sizes, which is reflected in the Table for the Venus.

The Martian atmosphere contains insignificant amount of water. Therefore, in the calm atmosphere of the Mars the clouds are silicates with a mean particle radius of several microns {according to observations of American interplanetary station Mariner-9}. But the calm is not characteristic for the Martian atmosphere. On the Mars, great dust storms arise periodically. During dust storms enormous amount of silicate, particles are raised to a high altitude. The dust storms continue a long time and astronomers have time to estimate the sizes of silicate particles flying in the Martian atmosphere. During the dust storm of 1971 particles with a radius groom 1 to 40 microns have been observed. The upper limit of suspended particle radius was about 100 microns. Such large particles can maintain in very rare Martian atmosphere due to a great critical mass and corresponding sizes of particles {the predicted radius is about 60 microns for silicate particles}. This value is close to observed one.

The Jupiter is covered by ten-tenth clouds. The clouds of Jupiter mostly consist of ammonia ice and ammonia water. There are only submicron particles with a mean radius of about 0.01 microns in the Jupiter stratosphere. A mean particle radius from 1 to 1.5 microns in the aerosol layer has been determined using the polametric observation in the Jupiter^’s polar region. The expected mean particle radius in the ammonia ice and ammonia water clouds is greater than 10 microns. According to measurements made by means of interplanetary station Voyager-1, the radius of ammonia ice particles in the Jupiter^’s clouds is from 3 to 30 microns. The predicted sizes of particles in the Jupiter^’s atmosphere are close to the expected ones for ammonia ice particles. The enormous mass of the Jupiter forms large tension of gravitational field, which allows being in weightless only to very small particles.

There are very few experimental data concerned with microphysics of the Saturn^’s clouds. It is known to be difficult to find the particle size from the Earth-based observations. In upper layer of Saturn^’s atmosphere, there are the particles with radius from 1 to 3 microns. The microphysics of lower layer is unknown. It can be seen from the Table, that microphysics of the Earth^’s and Saturn^’s clouds must be similar.

There are very few observations of the cloud layers of the Uranus and Neptune. The structure and sizes of aerosols in the haze of the Uranus^, atmosphere are unknown. Our estimations shows that the particle sizes in the atmospheres of the Uranus and Neptune must be greater than 100 microns.

According of theory of author all planets have the rings, if there are the satellites. Only two planets- The Mercury and the Venus - have not the rings because of absence of satellites. The Earth also has the ring, which is formed by the Moon. At the altitude from 200 to 300 km from the surface of the Earth the dust belt exists consisting of small particles. The Moon are bombarded by meteorites continually because of absence of atmosphere. At impacts the formed large particles fall on the surface of the Moon, the small ones come into cosmos, and then they are attracted by the Earth, for which the critical mass is smaller than that one for the Moon. By this way, the dust belt is formed around the Earth.

The Mars possesses two satellites: the Phobos and the Demos. However, it is difficult to assume great ejects of particles from small areas of these satellites and the formation of dust belt around the Mars. Therefore, the Mars has no ring as the Mercury and the Venus.

The gigantic Jupiter is surrounded by the massive satellites: Io, Europa, Ganimede and Calisto. According to author^’s calculations the volcanoes of the Io can erupt the particles with a maximum radius of 0.5 mm The volcanic action on other satellites is not found, but at impacts with meteorites the particles of the same sizes can come into cosmos. However, the size of most amounts of particles is equal to several microns. Therefore, the Jupiter^’s ring is inaccessible for the Earth-based observations. Only the rough estimations of sizes of particles in Jupiter^’s ring were made by astronomers from several microns to several part of millimeter. The author^’s calculations agree with astronomical observations.

The more number of satellites and the smaller their sizes and masses the more number rings around the planet and the larger sizes of particles in them. The Saturn is graphic evidence. It has huge suite of satellites and magnificent rings. According to author^’s calculations, the big particles with a radius from 0.5 to 1.5 mm come into cosmos from the surfaces of the Saturn^’s satellites. Collecting on the orbits around the Saturn, these particles collide with each other and form huge blocks of ice and snow, because of the surfaces of numerous satellites are covered by ice. The particles with a radius from 1 to 10 mm and blocks with size to 20m were observed from interplanetary station Voyager-2.

The ring particle sizes of the Uranus are uncertain. It is supposed that the rings can be made of organic matter or frozen methane ice. The ring particle sizes are photometrically acceptable {from millimeters to meters}. When the Voyager-2 made its flyby of the Uranus, it has revealed that the Uranus^, rings system is covered with a dense dust envelope. According to author^’s calculations, the relatively small satellites of the Uranus can generate particles with a radius from 2 to 13 mm. The predicted particle sizes are consistent with the lower limit of the observed particle sizes. There is very little information on the Neptune^’s ring. It is supposed that the ring can be fragmented and discontinuous, with most of the ring material congregated at proffered longitudes. According to author^’s calculations based on the expression the satellites the Triton and the Nereid are able to generate particles with a radius from 2.5 to 60 mm. Perhaps, the main fraction of dust forming the ring is derived from surface of the big satellite- Triton. In contrast to the Saturn^’s and Uranus^, rings, the ring of the Neptune must be very rarefied.

There is not information on the ring of the Pluto. According to author^’s theory the Pluto and its satellite the Charon must be surrounded by a common dust envelope including particles with a radius from 4 to 8 mm and less than that, because the critical masses of particles disposed near the Pluto and the Charon are similar.

The particles with critical mass fill not only interplanetary space, but also interstellar one. Our Galaxy has the central nucleus. The stars revolve on it together with their planets. Hence, we can calculate the critical mass of particles or bodies disposed near the Sun using obtained expression. At calculations we assume that a constant L in our expression is the same, i.e. L=5.35x10^-6 g²/cm². The nature demonstrates us various forms of movements, but it is chary of laws, which control these movements. The laws of the nature maintain minimum number of the physical constants. Therefore we substitute in expression L=5.35x10^-6 g²/cm² in order to calculate the critical mass of bodies disposed near the Sun. The distance between the Sun and center of the Galaxy is equal to R=3x10²² cm. That is very large distance. The mass of the Sun is known. It is equal to M=1.989.x10³³ g. That is also enormous value. The critical mass of particles or bodies calculated from our expression is equal to 3x10⁶ g {3 tons}. Such blocks consisting of ice and friable snow dispose by the Sun a great way of it {several milliard kilometers}. The state of these bodies is unstable. They can come up to the Sun, but they can leave the solar system and go into interstellar space. The astronomers call these bodies comets. The comets appeared as by-product at formation of planets from gaseous protonebula several milliard years ago. Perhaps, each star in our Galaxy is surrounded by gigantic cloud consisting of enormous number of comets. The further the star from center of the Galaxy and the less its mass the larger mass of comet by this star. The comets move from star to star. Therefore, sometimes huge comets come flying into the solar system from outskirts of the Galaxy, for instance, the Galley’s comet. The unity of the world is provided not only with the common laws, but with the change of common matter by means of particles and bodies with critical masses, which do not obey the law of gravity. The clouds, rings of planets, comets have a common base. The world without the particles and bodies with critical masses would lose variety and life.

Table № 1.